Comparison of palatal expanders and their efficacy: a narrative review

Abstract

Transverse maxillary deficiency is among the most common skeletal irregularities encountered in orthodontics, affecting 8–22% of patients. This condition is characterized by a narrow maxilla, leading to functional and aesthetic challenges, including dental crowding, crossbites, and malocclusions such as Class II and III. Beyond these dental concerns, untreated cases can escalate into systemic issues like obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to mitigate these complications.

Maxillary development results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Influences such as oral habits, nasal breathing, and genetic predispositions can disrupt normal growth, leading to transverse deficiencies that may persist into adulthood as the palatal suture ossifies with age. Timely intervention during periods of high skeletal growth potential is therefore essential.

Maxillary expansion remains the standard treatment, aimed at widening the mid-palatal suture to enhance skeletal and dental alignment. Devices such as rapid maxillary expanders (RME), slow maxillary expanders (SME), and newer innovations like the Leaf Expander (LEX) and Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expanders (MARPE) offer various options tailored to patient age, skeletal maturity, and compliance. Recent advances, including skeletal anchorage systems and minimally invasive techniques, promise improved outcomes with fewer side effects, paving the way for more effective, patient-centered orthodontic care.